Unwoven or woven warp threads which are crossed by the weft, pa'an, in weaving.
Beeswax, lilin 1a, is used to lubricate the warp threads. This allows the threads to shed, ādu, easily and allows the beater stick, balīga 1, to be easily inserted between the upper and lower threads of the shed and to beat the weft thread, pa'an, into place, baliga 2.