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gapu
1
A particular situation is caused by someone, something, an event.
Gapu functions as the comment of a dependent sentence. The dependent sentence occurs following an independent sentence and is joined to it with the ligature an.
Natoy hi Gumman an gapuy binūtongna.
Gumman died, caused by his intoxication.
As sentence comment, gapu, is joined to its topic with a ligature -y (variant of di) as in the above illustrative sentence. It may, however, be followed, not by a topic, but by a referent phrase introduced by a ligature -h (variant of hi).
Nagah hi Himmaybu an gapuh namolāhanah tū'a'.
Himmaybu fell, caused with reference to his looking for frogs.
The dependent sentence may be transposed to occur before the independent sentence to give emphasis to the dependent sentence, and is joined to it with the ligature ya. In transposed position gapu is only followed by a referent phrase and joined to it by a ligature -h, (variant of hi).
Gapuh binūtongna ya natoy hi Gumman.
Caused with reference to his intoxication, Gumman died.
The cause of, or in reference to, a particular situation. The cause may be a person, thing or event.
As a noun, gapu occurs as head of a substantive phrase, consisting of the head plus a referent phrase expansion joined by a ligature -h (variant of hi).
Hay gapuh kimmiyolāna.
The cause with reference to her crying, (i.e., the reason she cried).
In this position gapu is optionally followed by a third personal singular pronoun, -na, without change of meaning: hay gapūnah kimmiyolāna. The substantive phrase of which gapu is head functions as topic of an equational sentence. The phrase as topic has only been observed transposed, occurring before the sentence comment and joined to it with the ligature ya.
Hay gapuh (or gapūnah) numpattāyan din nunhin'agi ya nan payaw an pumpolhanda.
The cause with reference to the fighting of the (two) who came together as a fraternal pair was the fields over which they were struggling against each other.
For someone, something, an event (actor -um- & inst) to cause a particular situation.
Natoy hi Gumman an ginumpuy binūtongna.
Gumman died, his intoxication caused it.
The verb form gumpu, (past: ginumpu) has two major functions: 1) It occurs as the comment of a dependent sentence. When the dependent sentence occurs following an independent sentence, the form gumpu/ginumpu has identical grammatical relationships as those described for the adjective, gapu, (see above under adjective), and there is minimal semantic contrast with the function of the adjective.
Nagah hi Himmaybu an ginumpuh namolāhanah tū'a'.
Himmaybu fell, (it) was caused with reference to his looking for frogs.
As is the case for the adjective gapu, the dependent sentence, of which gumpu/ginumpu is a constituent, may be transposed to occur before the independent sentence to give emphasis to the dependent sentence. Unlike the adjective gapu, however, in this transposed position gumpu/ginumpu is followed either by a topic and joined to it by the ligature -y (variant of di), or is followed by a referent phrase and joined to it (as gapu) by a ligature -h (variant of hi).
Ginumpu han babāi an enghōon nan duwan linalā'i ya numbohholda.
It was the woman whom the two men befriended who caused (the situation, and there was no other cause), and so they disliked each other.
Ginumpuh binūtongna ya natoy hi Gumman.
(The situation) was caused with reference to his intoxication, (and there was no other cause), and so Gumman died.
2) This verb form may also occur as the head of a substantive phrase, functioning as topic of an equational sentence.
Nan amnaw di gumpuh pumbahōlan.
That which causes wrongdoing is desire.
The phrase, of which this verb is a constituent, functioning as topic, may also be transposed, occurring before the sentence comment to emphasize the topic.
Hay ginumpuh numpattāyan din nunhin'agi ya nan payaw an pumpolhanda.
As for that which caused (the situation) with reference to the fighting of the (two) who came together as a fraternal pair, it was the fields over which they were struggling against each other.
dalat 1
2
For someone (agent) to bring up a subject (theme -on) for discussion.
Gapūonyun munhahāpit hinan diklāmu.
Bring up (the issue) in talking with reference to the charge.
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